In an era of climate emergency, the world is looking for desperate measures to tackle the issue of climate change. Apart from mitigation, the climate change discourse has now moved towards adaptation and nature-based solutions. Nature-based solutions are actions taken to protect, sustainably manage, or restore natural ecosystems that address societal challenges such as climate change, human health, food and water security, and disaster risk reduction effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits.

(The following is an updated version of Director’s talk on Internal Security given at Defence Services Staff College, Wellington on 06 Mar 2023) Introduction In the holistic concept of national security, internal security is an extremely important part of the country’s overall national security matrix.