After the successful employment of offensive air power deep inside enemy territory in the 1971 War, the hiatus of over half a century during which India’s conflicts were limited to skirmishes on the Line of Control, had led to the strategic effects of offensive air power fading from the collective memory of India’s security establishment. Operation Sindoor brought to the fore the enduring salience of depth targeting in shaping conflict outcomes.

Chinese legal system in general, and criminal justice system in particular has undergone rapid transformation from mere scratch since 1978. During last forty years the Communist Party of China (CPC) have been pledging to develop law-based governance, but increasing criminalization of social actors and intensification of social control system continue to be responsible for the lingering negativity within the legal system in China.

In January 2024, a Chinese AI research lab, DeepSeek, released a groundbreaking open-source language model, R1, that rivalled leading Western AI systems like OpenAI’s GPT-4, Google and Meta at a fraction of the cost. DeepSeek’s emergence represents a paradigm shift in the global AI race, significantly narrowing the technological gap between China and the U.S. and triggering global market upheaval. The model’s low cost and high performance have challenged the prevailing notion that only massive compute power and capital investment can yield state-of-the-art AI.

… digitisation and connectivity of CII have introduced new vulnerabilities and risks to threaten the resilience of essential services ... requires a comprehensive and coordinated safeguard of such infrastructures against cyber threats by a collective effort from government, private sector, academia and international partners...